(a)

i) Expand the abbreviations given below, used for different modes of assisted reproductive technologies :

1. ZIFT

2. ICSI

3. IUT

4. GIFT

ii) Which one of them cannot be considered as a procedure of IVF ? Give reasons in support of your answer.

or

(b) Differentiate between the following :

i) Perisperm and Pericarp

ii) Syncarpous pistil and Apocarpous pistil

iii) Plumule and Radicle

The correct answer is:

(a)
i)
1. ZIFT: Zygote intrafallopian transfer.
2. ICSI: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
3. IUT: Intra uterine transfer.
4. GIFT: Gamete intrafallopian transfer.
ii) GIFT cannot be considered as a procedure of IVF because it allows the eggs to fertilize and develop inside the fallopian tube (in vivo fertilization), whereas IVF involves fertilization outside the body followed by embryo transfer.
or
(b)
i) Perisperm: Persistent nucellus in some seeds. | Pericarp: The wall of ovary develops into wall of fruit.
ii) Syncarpous pistil: Fused pistils. | Apocarpous pistil: Free pistils.
iii) Plumule: Future stem / terminal part of epicotyl / shoot tip of embryonal axis. | Radicle: Future root / terminal part of hypocotyl / root tip of embryonal axis.

Step-by-Step Explanation & Educational Breakdown:

Part (a) i) Expansion of Abbreviations:
1. ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer): An assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure where the zygote or early embryo (up to 8 blastomeres stage) is transferred directly into the fallopian tube.
2. ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): A specialized laboratory procedure of IVF in which a single sperm is injected directly into a mature egg cytoplasm to achieve fertilization.
3. IUT (Intra Uterine Transfer): An embryo transfer technique where an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred directly into the uterus.
4. GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer): An ART procedure where unfertilized gametes (both eggs and sperm) are transferred directly into the female's fallopian tube, allowing fertilization to occur naturally inside the body.

Part (a) ii) IVF vs. In Vivo Fertilization (GIFT):
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) refers to fertilization occurring outside the body in a laboratory setting, followed by transferring the developing embryo (via ZIFT or IUT). GIFT, however, is not considered a true IVF procedure because fertilization occurs inside the maternal body (in vivo fertilization) within the natural environment of the fallopian tubes.

Part (b) Differentiating Botanical Concepts (as presented in the images):

Based on the provided tables in the images, we distinguish the terms as follows:

i) Perisperm vs. Pericarp (analyzed from Image 0):
As shown in the table within the first image (labeled with headers "Perisperm" and "Pericarp:"):
• Perisperm: Defined as the persistent nucellus in some seeds, serving as a nutritive tissue that remains present even after seed maturation.
• Pericarp: The wall of the fruit, which develops directly from the wall of the ovary after fertilization.

ii) Syncarpous vs. Apocarpous Pistil (analyzed from Image 1):
As shown in the table within the second image (labeled with headers "Syncarpous" and "Apocarpous"):
• Syncarpous: Characterized by fused pistils, where the carpels are joined together to form a single structure.
• Apocarpous: Characterized by free pistils, where the carpels remain distinct and separated from one another.

iii) Plumule vs. Radicle (analyzed from Image 2):
As shown in the table within the third image (labeled with headers "Plumule :" and "Radicle :"):
• Plumule: Represents the future stem, functioning as the terminal part of the epicotyl or the shoot tip of the embryonal axis.
• Radicle: Represents the future root, functioning as the terminal part of the hypocotyl or the root tip of the embryonal axis.