According to Cummins’ interdependence hypothesis, which of these are interdependent on each other :

The correct answer is Cognitive academic proficiency in first and second language.

Explanation:

Jim Cummins introduced the Interdependence Hypothesis (often referred to as the "Dual Iceberg Model" of bilingualism) to describe the relationship between a person's first language (L1) and second language (L2).

According to this hypothesis, literacy and cognitive academic skills developed in one's native language (L1) transfer positively to the acquisition of academic skills in a second language (L2). This common underlying proficiency ensures that cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) in the first and second languages are interdependent on each other.

Therefore, academic skills developed in the first language provide a strong foundation for developing cognitive academic proficiency in the second language.