Assertion (A) : Creating an environment of fear and stress keeps students ‘on their’ toes and facilitates meaningful learning.

Reason (R) : Learning is governed only by extrinsic factors.

Choose the correct option.

The correct option is Both (A) and (R) are false.

Analysis of Assertion (A):
Assertion (A) states that creating an environment of fear and stress keeps students "on their toes" and facilitates meaningful learning.
This statement is false. Research in educational psychology consistently demonstrates that fear and chronic stress hinder cognitive functions, impair memory retention, and reduce motivation. A safe, supportive, and stress-free learning environment is essential for facilitating meaningful and deep learning.

Analysis of Reason (R):
Reason (R) states that learning is governed only by extrinsic factors.
This statement is also false. Learning is influenced by a complex interplay of both intrinsic factors (such as internal motivation, curiosity, self-efficacy, and interest) and extrinsic factors (such as rewards, praise, and environmental conditions). It is incorrect to claim that learning is governed only by extrinsic factors.

Since both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are incorrect, the correct choice is that both (A) and (R) are false.