Complete the flow chart on central dogma.

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to functional proteins. The flow chart in the question contains four labeled positions (a), (b), (c) and (d) that need to be filled with the correct processes.

Step (a) – Replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell copies its entire genome before cell division. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material.

Step (b) – Transcription
During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) strand. This step transfers the genetic code from the double‑stranded DNA to a single‑stranded RNA molecule that can leave the nucleus.

Step (c) – Translation
Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide chain (protein) on a ribosome using the mRNA as a template. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the appropriate amino acids, and the ribosome reads the codons on the mRNA to assemble the protein in the correct order.

Step (d) – Protein
The final product of the central dogma is a functional protein. Proteins carry out a vast array of cellular functions, from enzymatic catalysis to structural support and signal transduction.

Putting these together, the completed flow chart reads:

(a) Replication → (b) Transcription → (c) Translation → (d) Protein

This sequence reflects the canonical information pathway: DNA is duplicated, a copy of the gene is transcribed into RNA, the RNA is translated into a protein, and the protein performs its biological role.