Complete the flow chart on central dogma

The correct answer is (a) - Replication; (b) - Transcription; (c) - Translation; (d) - Protein.

Explanation:
The central dogma of molecular biology, proposed by Francis Crick, describes the directional flow of genetic information within a cell. By analyzing the labels and arrows in the provided flowchart, we can trace the pathway of genetic expression step-by-step:

1. Process (a) - DNA Replication:
The circular arrow (↻) enclosing the term DNA indicates a self-copying process. This represents Replication, which is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is duplicated to produce two identical DNA molecules, ensuring genetic continuity during cell division.

2. Process (b) - Transcription:
The arrow pointing from DNA to mRNA represents the transfer of genetic code from DNA to a temporary message. This process is Transcription, during which an RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes a complementary single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule using a DNA template.

3. Process (c) - Translation:
The arrow pointing from mRNA to (d) represents the synthesis of a biomolecule based on the mRNA template. This process is Translation, where cellular ribosomes decode the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids to build a polypeptide.

4. Product (d) - Protein:
The final product resulting from the translation of mRNA is a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional Protein. Proteins are the main functional units that perform most cellular tasks.

By mapping each label to its corresponding process and molecule, we get:
• (a) = Replication
• (b) = Transcription
• (c) = Translation
• (d) = Protein