Consider the following airports: 1. Donyi Polo Airport 2. Kushinagar International Airport 3. Vijayawada International Airport In the recent past, which of the above have been constructed as Greenfield projects?

The correct option is 1 and 2 only.

To determine which airports were constructed as Greenfield projects, it is important to first understand the distinction between Greenfield and Brownfield projects:
• Greenfield Project: A project developed from scratch on completely undeveloped or empty land, where no prior structure or operational facility exists.
• Brownfield Project: A project where an existing facility or infrastructure is modified, upgraded, or expanded.

Let us analyze each of the given airports based on their development status:

1. Donyi Polo Airport (Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh):
This airport was constructed at Hollongi, near Itanagar, under the Government of India's Greenfield Airports Policy. It was built entirely from scratch on a previously undeveloped site to improve connectivity in the Northeast region. It was inaugurated in November 2022. Therefore, Donyi Polo Airport is a Greenfield project.

2. Kushinagar International Airport (Uttar Pradesh):
Kushinagar Airport was developed by the Government of India in collaboration with the state government as a new international airport to boost Buddhist tourism. It received 'in-principle' approval under the Greenfield Airports Policy and was built on fresh land to accommodate international flights. Thus, it is classified as a Greenfield project.

3. Vijayawada International Airport (Andhra Pradesh):
Vijayawada Airport, located in Gannavaram, is an older airport originally constructed during World War II. In the recent past, the government has carried out major upgrades, including building a new integrated terminal building and extending the runway. Because these developments were done on an existing, operational airport, it is categorized as a Brownfield project, not a Greenfield project.

Since only Donyi Polo Airport (1) and Kushinagar International Airport (2) were constructed as Greenfield projects, the correct option is indeed 1 and 2 only.