Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/ consequences?

1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected.

2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants.

3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds.

Select the correct using the code given below:

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.

To determine the correct consequences of a sharp decline in the population of butterfly species, let us analyze each of the given statements step-by-step based on ecological concepts:

1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected:
Butterflies are major pollinators in terrestrial ecosystems. As they feed on nectar from flowers, pollen grains stick to their bodies and get transferred to other flowers, aiding in plant fertilization and reproduction. Therefore, a steep drop in butterfly populations directly impacts the pollination efficiency of many plant species, adversely affecting plant reproduction.

2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants:
Fungal infections in crops are caused by fungal pathogens, environmental conditions (such as high humidity), and susceptible crop varieties. Butterflies do not act as agents that control or prevent fungal diseases. Thus, a fall in butterfly population has no direct link to an increase in fungal infections of cultivated plants.

3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds:
Butterflies and their larvae (caterpillars) form an essential link in the food chain. They serve as a primary food source for many natural predators, including various species of wasps, spiders, small mammals, and insectivorous birds. A major decline in butterfly and caterpillar availability reduces food security for these predators, leading to a subsequent decline in their populations.

Since statements 1 and 3 are correct while statement 2 is incorrect, the correct option is 1 and 3 only.