Which of the following taxes was primarily levied on agricultural produce under the administrative framework of the Mughal Empire?

The correct option is Kharaj.

Explanation:
In the administrative framework of the Mughal Empire, Kharaj was the principal tax levied on agricultural produce and land revenue. Land revenue formed the main source of income for the Mughal state, and Kharaj referred specifically to the revenue collected from land and agricultural yields.

Breakdown of the options:
• Kharaj: A land revenue tax levied on agricultural produce.
• Zakat: A religious tax paid by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, primarily used for charitable activities.
• Ushr: An agricultural tax (typically 10% of produce) levied specifically on land owned by Muslims.
• Jizya: A poll tax levied on non-Muslim subjects in exchange for state protection and exemption from military service.