Question Details

From the options given below, pick the CORRECT sequence in the context of constituent parts of inference:

Options

A

Pratijña, Udaharana, Hetu, Upanaya, Nigamana

B

Pratijña, Hetu, Udaharana,

C

Pratijña, Hetu, Nigamana, Udaharana, Upanaya

D

Pratijña, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, Nigamana

Show Answer

Correct Answer :

Option D

Pratijña, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, Nigamana

Solution :

The correct option is: Pratijña, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, Nigamana

Explanation:
In Indian philosophy, particularly in the Nyaya school of logic, an inference (Anumāna) is structured using five essential members or constituent parts (known as Avayavas). To establish a logically valid conclusion, these five steps must be presented in a precise, sequential order:

1. Pratijñā (Proposition): The initial statement of the thesis that needs to be proved. For example: "The hill has fire."
2. Hetu (Reason): The statement of the reason or sign (linga) that indicates the presence of the property. For example: "Because it has smoke."
3. Udāharana (Example): The universal proposition showing the invariable relation (vyāpti) between the reason and the inferred property, supported by a concrete instance. For example: "Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in a kitchen hearth."
4. Upanaya (Application): The application of the universal proposition to the present case. For example: "This hill has smoke, which is invariably associated with fire."
5. Nigamana (Conclusion): The final conclusion drawn from the preceding steps, which restates the proposition as proved. For example: "Therefore, the hill has fire."

Thus, the correct sequence representing the constituent parts of inference is Pratijña, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, and Nigamana.

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