If you are reading the traveller’s accounts, which of the following would be of Al-Biruni:

The correct option is: Explanation of the caste system by looking for parallels in ancient Persia.

Al-Biruni was a renowned Persian scholar who traveled to the Indian subcontinent in the 11th century. In his famous work, Kitab-ul-Hind, he sought to understand and explain Indian society, including its social structures, to a non-Indian audience.

To explain the Hindu caste system and make it comprehensible to readers outside of India, Al-Biruni looked for social hierarchies in other societies. He noted that social divisions were not unique to India and drew parallels with ancient Persia, where society was divided into four social categories:
1. Knights and princes;
2. Monks, fire-priests, and lawyers;
3. Physicians, astronomers, and other scientists; and
4. Peasants and artisans.
By showing that similar social structures existed in ancient Persia, Al-Biruni argued that the concept of social division was universal rather than unique to India.

In contrast:
• The descriptions of Delhi and Daulatabad as vast cities, and the detailed accounts of the coconut and the paan, are characteristic of the writings of Ibn Battuta, a 14th-century Moroccan traveler.
• The observation regarding the lack of private property in land in India is associated with François Bernier, a 17th-century French traveler and physician.