In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?

The correct option is Waste-to-energy technologies.

Explanation:

Pyrolysis and Plasma Gasification are thermal treatment processes used in waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies to convert organic waste materials into usable energy (syngas, electricity, or heat) while minimizing environmental impacts.

1. Pyrolysis: This is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere (i.e., in the complete absence of oxygen). It breaks down organic waste (such as plastics, biomass, or municipal solid waste) into solid char, liquid bio-oil, and combustible synthetic gas (syngas).

2. Plasma Gasification: This advanced waste-to-energy technology uses a plasma torch to create extreme temperatures (often exceeding 3,000°C to 10,000°C) in an oxygen-starved environment. At these ultra-high temperatures, organic waste is instantly decomposed into elemental constituents, primarily producing clean syngas (composed mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) and an inert vitrified slag.

Both methods are modern waste management solutions designed to convert non-recyclable solid waste into clean energy resources.