In which year was an approach and program named Joint Forest Management (JFM) launched in the context of National Forest Policy?

The correct answer is 1988.

Step-by-step Explanation:
1. Historical Context: The Government of India formally introduced the concept and program of Joint Forest Management (JFM) under the National Forest Policy of 1988.
2. Core Philosophy: JFM represents a paradigm shift from traditional top-down forestry practices to a collaborative approach. It recognizes that effective forest conservation is impossible without the active participation and partnership of local communities living in and around forest areas.
3. Working Mechanism: Under this program, local villagers form institutions (such as Forest Protection Committees) to protect forest lands from fire, grazing, and illegal harvesting. In return, the community is rewarded with access to non-timber forest products (like fruits, foliage, and medicinal herbs) and a share in the revenue from harvested timber.