Match List-I with List-II:

(A) Pataliputra     (I) Prakrit name of Rajgir, Bihar

(B) Rajgaha          (II) Present day Coastal Odisha

(C) Kalinga          (III) Present day Patna

(D) Arthasastra  (IV) Kautilya

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The correct option is (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV).

Let us break down the matches step-by-step to understand why this pairing is correct:

1. (A) Pataliputra matches with (III) Present day Patna
Pataliputra was an ancient city located at the confluence of the Ganges and Son rivers. It served as the capital of major ancient Indian empires, such as the Nanda, Maurya, and Gupta empires. In modern times, this historical site corresponds to the city of Patna, the state capital of Bihar, India.

2. (B) Rajgaha matches with (I) Prakrit name of Rajgir, Bihar
Rajgaha (which translates to "house of the king") is the Prakrit name for Rajgir, located in the Nalanda district of Bihar. It was the first capital of the ancient kingdom of Magadha before the capital was shifted to Pataliputra.

3. (C) Kalinga matches with (II) Present day Coastal Odisha
Kalinga was an ancient historical region of India, primarily defined as the fertile coastal region between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers. Today, this territory corresponds to coastal Odisha and the northern parts of Andhra Pradesh. The region is famous for the Kalinga War fought by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.

4. (D) Arthasastra matches with (IV) Kautilya
The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, who was the chief advisor and prime minister to the first Mauryan Emperor, Chandragupta Maurya.

Thus, by matching each item in List-I with its correct counterpart in List-II, we obtain:
(A) → (III)
(B) → (I)
(C) → (II)
(D) → (IV)