Match the List-I with List-II.
| List-I (Proponents) | List-II (Theory) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | George Gerbner | I. | Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
| B. | L.A. Festinger | II. | Cultivation Theory |
| C. | McCombs and Donald L. Shaw | III. | Uses and Gratification Theory |
| D. | Katz and Blumer | IV. | Agenda Setting Theory |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Correct Answer :
(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Solution :
The correct option is (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III).
Let us break down the connection between each proponent in List-I and their respective theory in List-II:
1. George Gerbner → Cultivation Theory (A - II):
George Gerbner developed the Cultivation Theory in the late 1960s. This theory suggests that long-term exposure to media, particularly television, shapes how consumers perceive the world around them. For example, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world in ways that mirror the most common and recurrent messages of television programming, such as perceiving the world to be more dangerous than it actually is (often referred to as the "Mean World Syndrome").
2. L.A. Festinger → Cognitive Dissonance Theory (B - I):
Leon Festinger introduced the Cognitive Dissonance Theory in 1957. In psychology, cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort that a person experiences when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values. Festinger's theory explains that individuals have an inner drive to keep all their attitudes and behavior in sync and avoid disharmony (or dissonance).
3. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw → Agenda Setting Theory (C - IV):
Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw introduced the Agenda-Setting Theory in 1972 during their study of the 1968 U.S. presidential election. The theory posits that the news media has a powerful influence on the public's perception of what issues are important. By choosing which stories to cover and how much prominence to give them, the media does not tell people what to think, but rather what to think about.
4. Katz and Blumer → Uses and Gratification Theory (D - III):
Elihu Katz and Jay Blumler (along with their colleagues) developed the Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 1970s. Unlike other media theories that look at how media influences passive audiences, this theory takes an active-audience approach. It seeks to explain why people actively search out specific media channels and content to satisfy their personal needs and desires, such as entertainment, information, social integration, or personal identity.
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