Plants capture only 2-10 percent of the photosynthetically active radiation of the Sun and this small amount of energy is able to sustain the entire living world. During this process, ecosystems are in consonance with the two laws of thermodynamics. Explain.

The correct option is:
First law of thermodynamics – All organisms are dependent for their food on producers (who capture PAR) either directly or indirectly, unidirectional flow of energy from sun to the producers and then to consumers.
Second law – Organisms need a constant supply of energy to synthesize the molecule they require, to counteract the universal tendency towards increasing disorderliness.

Here is a detailed, step-by-step explanation of how ecosystems operate in consonance with the first and second laws of thermodynamics during the flow of energy:

1. Consonance with the First Law of Thermodynamics:
The First Law of Thermodynamics (also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy) states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.
In an ecosystem, green plants (producers) capture a tiny fraction ($2\–10\%$) of the incoming Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) from the Sun. They transform this radiant solar energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules through the process of photosynthesis.
This chemical energy then flows in a unidirectional manner. All other organisms (consumers, such as herbivores and carnivores) are directly or indirectly dependent on these producers for food. Energy is transferred from the Sun to the producers, and then from producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so on. Throughout this process, no energy is created out of nothing, nor is it destroyed; it is simply transferred and converted into different forms, adhering strictly to the First Law of Thermodynamics.

2. Consonance with the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorderliness) of the universe. In other words, energy transformations are never $100\%$ efficient, and some energy is always dissipated as unusable heat, leading to a natural tendency towards disorder (entropy).
Living organisms are highly organized systems with low entropy. To maintain this complex organization and counteract the universal tendency towards increasing disorderliness, organisms require a continuous input of energy. They must constantly synthesize molecules and perform work. As energy flows through the trophic levels, a large portion of it is lost as heat to the environment during respiration and metabolic processes. Because energy is continuously lost as heat at each transfer step, ecosystems need a constant, uninterrupted supply of energy from the Sun to sustain life.