Progressive education is an educational philosophy that emphasizes on _____.

The correct option is student-centred learning and active participation.

Explanation:

Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that began in the late 19th century, primarily associated with educators and philosophers like John Dewey. It stands in contrast to traditional, teacher-centered methods and is built on several key principles:
1. Student-Centred Learning: Instead of focusing solely on the teacher as the transmitter of knowledge, the curriculum is designed around the needs, interests, and experiences of the students.
2. Active Participation: Progressive education promotes "learning by doing." Students engage in hands-on activities, problem-solving, and critical thinking rather than passive listening.
3. Collaborative Learning: It emphasizes social skills, cooperation, and community integration rather than competition.
4. Holistic Development: The focus is on developing the whole child physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually.

Let's analyze the other options:
- Rote memorization and teacher-centred instruction: These are core characteristics of traditional education, which progressive education actively seeks to reform.
- Standardized testing and strict curriculum guidelines: Progressive education advocates for flexible, individualized assessments and curricula that adapt to the students' learning paces and interests rather than rigid standardized testing.
- Competition and individual achievement: Progressive education encourages collaboration, teamwork, and collaborative problem-solving over individual competition.

Therefore, progressive education emphasizes student-centred learning and active participation.