Read the passage carefully and answer the next five questions strictly as per the passage : (28-31)
Women’s sports, both amateur and professional, have existed throughout the world for cen turies in all varieties of sports. There is a rich record of sports participation of women in India. In the days of Mahabharata, Shakuntala, Madhuri, Kunti all chose physical activities as recreation. As time passed, Indian women were deprived of participation in sports for a number of reasons, despite having the potential and talent. They were put on the back seat, and were not allowed to participate in sports. However, female participation and popularity in sports increased dramatically in the last quarter of the 20th century, reflecting changes that emphasize gender parity. Although the level of participation and performance can still be im proved, women’s participation in sports is generally accepted and promoted today. Although women have shown a dramatic rise in sports participation, there is still a large disparity in participation rates between women and men. These disparities continue to hinder equality in sports. Many institutions and programs still remain conservative and do not contribute to gender equity in sports. Some research in the physical domain lists constraints like heavy limbs, pear-shaped body structure and postural deformities like flat foot, knock knees etc., and physiological constraints including low level of RBCs, smaller heart and lung, high fat per centage, menstrual disorders, etc. as reasons for women’s non-participation in sports. There are certain psychological constraints like low self-confidence and self-esteem, higher level of stress and anxiety, and social causes like lack of support or positive reinforcement from the family and the male-dominated social structure that affect women’s participation in sports. Religious and economic factors also play a negative role that affect women’s participation in sports.
Which of the following is a physiological reason for women’s non-participation in sports?
Correct Answer :
Smaller hearts and lungs
Solution :
The correct option is Smaller hearts and lungs.
Step-by-step Explanation:
1. Analyze the Question:
The question asks to identify a physiological reason for women's non-participation in sports, strictly based on the provided passage.
2. Examine the Passage Content:
Let us scan the passage for mentions of constraints or reasons related to women's participation in sports. The passage categorizes constraints into different domains:
- Physical domain constraints: The text mentions "heavy limbs, pear-shaped body structure and postural deformities like flat foot, knock knees etc."
- Physiological constraints: The text explicitly states: "...and physiological constraints including low level of RBCs, smaller heart and lung, high fat percentage, menstrual disorders, etc. as reasons for women's non-participation in sports."
- Psychological constraints: The text lists "low self-confidence and self-esteem, higher level of stress and anxiety."
- Social, religious, and economic factors: The text notes lack of family support, male-dominated social structure, religion, and economics.
3. Evaluate the Options:
- Pear-shaped body: Classified under the physical domain in the passage.
- Heavy limbs: Classified under the physical domain in the passage.
- Smaller hearts and lungs: Explicitly classified under "physiological constraints" in the passage.
- Oblique femur bone: Not highlighted in the passage as a physiological constraint.
4. Conclusion:
Based strictly on the text, "Smaller hearts and lungs" (referred to as "smaller heart and lung" in the text) is designated as a physiological constraint/reason.
Access expert-curated educational resources and study materials—completely free.
Create, conduct, and manage professional online assessments with Mindyard. Perfect for teachers and institutes.
Copyright © 2026 Mindyard. All Rights Reserved.
