Read the passage carefully and answer the questions based on the passage:

There has been greater recognition that both men and women are constrained by dominant gender identities. For instance, men in patriarchal societies feel they must be strong and successful. It is not manly, to express oneself emotionally.A genderjust society would allow both men and women to be free. This, of course, rests on the idea that for true freedom to grow and develop, injustices of all kinds have to end. The idea of a gender-just society is based upon two important factors - educated women with multiple roles and improved sex ratio. The programme of the Government of India, Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana is an important effort in the actualization of a gender-just society.

Q) Patriarchal society refers to:-

The correct option is Dominant role of men.

Step-by-step Explanation:

1. Analyze the Passage:
The provided text highlights the constraints imposed by dominant gender identities in "patriarchal societies." Specifically, it mentions that in such societies, "men... feel they must be strong and successful" and that expressing oneself emotionally is not considered "manly." This indicates a social structure where male roles, expectations, and power dynamics are dominant and set the standard for behavior.

2. Define Patriarchal Society:
By definition, a patriarchy (derived from the Greek words patēr meaning father and archein meaning to rule) is a social system in which power is primarily held by adult men. In the context of gender roles and societal structure, it refers to the systemic dominance of men in political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.

3. Evaluate the Options:
- Dominant role of men: This directly aligns with the definition of patriarchy and the passage's description of male-dominated expectations.
- Dominant role of women: This describes a matriarchy, which is the opposite of a patriarchy.
- Rule of residence / Rule of lineage: While patriarchal societies often practice patrilocal residence (living with or near the husband's family) and patrilineal lineage (tracing descent through the male line), the core meaning of a patriarchal society itself is defined by the overarching social dominance and power of men, rather than just specific rules of residence or lineage.

Therefore, a patriarchal society refers to the dominant role of men.