Shame _________

The correct option is can have negative impact on cognition.

Explanation:

Shame is a powerful, negative emotion associated with feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, and low self-esteem. In educational psychology and cognitive science, emotional states significantly influence cognitive processes such as attention, memory, executive functioning, and problem-solving.

When learners experience shame in a learning environment, it triggers stress and anxiety responses that consume valuable mental bandwidth and working memory capacity. As a result, cognitive resources that should be dedicated to processing new information and understanding concepts are diverted toward dealing with self-conscious emotions. Therefore, shame has a detrimental or negative impact on cognition and hinders effective learning.