What is the use of biochar in farming?

1. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming.

2. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.

3. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for longer time.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Biochar is a carbon-rich solid produced by heating organic biomass (such as agricultural waste, wood, or manure) under low-oxygen conditions (pyrolysis). Because of its highly porous structure, lightweight nature, and stability, biochar can be effectively used as a component of the growing medium in vertical farming, providing physical support and structure to plants.

Statement 2 is correct: The highly porous nature of biochar provides an excellent habitat and refuge for beneficial soil microorganisms. This includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. By protecting these microbes from predators and desiccation, biochar enhances microbial activity and promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the growing medium.

Statement 3 is correct: Biochar has a very high specific surface area and high porosity. These physical properties significantly increase the water-holding capacity of the growing medium. It enables the soil or growing mix to retain water and dissolved nutrients for a much longer time, reducing water runoff and irrigation requirements.

Therefore, all three statements are correct, making "1, 2 and 3" the right option.