Which educational philosophy advocates the following?

Learning environment such as real-world settings or case-based learning are used instead of predetermined sequences of instruction.

The correct option is Constructivism.

Explanation:
Constructivism is an educational philosophy based on the premise that learners actively construct their own knowledge and understanding of the world by experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.

Key features of Constructivism include:
1. Contextualized & Real-World Learning: Instead of relying strictly on predetermined, rigid sequences of instruction, constructivist learning environments emphasize authentic, real-world contexts, case-based learning, problem-solving, and experiential activities.
2. Active Knowledge Construction: Learners build new knowledge upon their foundation of previous learning and experience rather than passively acquiring facts.
3. Role of the Educator: The teacher acts as a facilitator or guide who scaffolds learning rather than a traditional lecturer dispensing information in a fixed order.

Let us briefly review why the other options are incorrect:
- Nativism: Focuses on the theory that certain skills or abilities are hard-wired, innate, or genetically predetermined in the brain at birth.
- Audiolingualism: A method of foreign language teaching that emphasizes habit-formation through repetitive drills and structured grammatical sequences.
- Cognitivism: Focuses on internal mental processes (how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved), often utilizing structured schema and sequence to facilitate cognitive processing.

Therefore, learning environments utilizing real-world settings or case-based learning instead of predetermined instructional sequences align directly with Constructivism.