Identify the biological macromolecule responsible for holding the hereditary data of an organism.

The correct option is Nucleic acids.

Step 1: Understanding Biological Macromolecules
Biological macromolecules are large, complex molecules essential for the structure and function of living organisms. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Step 2: Functions of Each Macromolecule Type
- Carbohydrates: Provide primary energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen) and structural support (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls).
- Proteins: Perform a vast array of functions including catalyzing biochemical reactions (enzymes), structural support, molecular transport, and immune defense.
- Lipids: Store long-term energy, provide cellular insulation, and make up the structural framework of cellular membranes (phospholipid bilayer).
- Nucleic acids: Polymer chains composed of nucleotide subunits (such as DNA and RNA) specifically adapted for encoding, storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information.

Step 3: Conclusion
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a nucleic acid, stores the genetic instructions required for the development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms. Therefore, nucleic acids are the biological macromolecules responsible for holding hereditary data.