Which model emphasises that ‘psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving’?

The correct option is Behavioural model.

Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Understanding the Behavioural Model:
The behavioural model of psychopathology concentrates on observable actions and responses. It posits that both normal and abnormal behaviours are acquired through interaction with the environment. According to this perspective, psychological disorders are not caused by underlying anatomical or biological issues, nor are they due to deep-seated unconscious conflicts. Instead, they are viewed as maladaptive behaviours that an individual has learned over time.

2. Mechanisms of Learning:
The model explains the learning of maladaptive behaviours through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning (modelling):
- Classical Conditioning: An individual associates a neutral stimulus with a negative or frightening experience, leading to conditioned anxiety or fear (e.g., phobias).
- Operant Conditioning: Maladaptive actions are maintained or reinforced by rewards or the avoidance of negative consequences.
- Observational Learning: People learn dysfunctional behaviours by observing others (such as parents or peers) reacting in maladaptive ways.

3. Comparing with Other Models:
- Psychodynamic model: Emphasises unconscious internal forces, drives, and conflicts stemming from childhood.
- Cognitive model: Focuses on irrational beliefs, distorted thinking patterns, and faulty cognitive processing.
- Humanistic-existential model: Centers on self-actualisation, personal growth, and the human search for meaning, attributing psychological problems to the blocking of natural growth tendencies.

Therefore, because the behavioural model focuses specifically on learning as the mechanism for developing maladaptive ways of behaving, it is the correct answer.