Which of the following diseases is caused due to the deficiency of proteins?

The correct option is Kwashiorkor.

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a deficiency of dietary protein. It is most commonly observed in infants and young children, particularly in regions experiencing food insecurity. While the body may receive enough overall energy or calories (often from carbohydrates), the lack of protein impairs normal growth, immune function, and fluid balance, leading to characteristic symptoms such as edema (swelling, particularly in the abdomen and legs), thinning hair, and skin lesions.

Let us examine why the other options are incorrect:
1. Arthritis is a disease characterized by inflammation, swelling, and pain in the joints. It is not caused by a dietary deficiency of proteins but rather by wear and tear (osteoarthritis), autoimmune reactions (rheumatoid arthritis), or infections.
2. Goitre is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is primarily caused by a deficiency of the mineral iodine, not protein.
3. Night Blindness is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light. It is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin A, which is essential for maintaining healthy vision and the proper functioning of the retina.