Which of the following geographers described the ‘state/country’ as a ‘living organism’?

The correct option is French.

In the study of political geography and human-environment interactions, the concept of viewing the state, country, or geographical region as a cohesive, living entity has been explored through various schools of thought.
French geographers, particularly through the school of regional geography founded by Paul Vidal de la Blache, emphasized that geographic regions (or pays) function as integrated, living systems. This perspective views a country or state not merely as a collection of static boundaries, but as a dynamic organism characterized by genre de vie (way of life)—the organic, reciprocal relationship between human societies and their natural surroundings. Through this lens, the state behaves as a living system where culture, history, and the physical environment interact continuously to sustain the territory as an active organism.