Which of the following is ‘assessment for learning’ ?

The correct option is:
Assessments designed to monitor and improve students’ progress during the teaching-learning process.

Understanding Assessment for Learning:
Assessment for Learning (often referred to as Formative Assessment) occurs continuously throughout the instructional process. Its primary purpose is to gather real-time feedback on student understanding so that teachers can adjust their instruction and students can improve their learning before final evaluation takes place.

Key Characteristics:
1. Ongoing & Interactive: It happens during the teaching-learning process, not just at the end.
2. Improvement-Oriented: The goal is to identify learning gaps and enhance student performance.
3. Diagnostic & Constructive: Helps educators tailor their teaching methods to better support student needs.

Why other options are incorrect:
• Assessments conducted at the end of the year or term (or for promotion/grading purposes) are examples of Assessment of Learning (Summative Assessment).
• Large-scale state assessments evaluating achievement at specific stages assess overall system outcomes rather than guiding day-to-day classroom learning progress.