Which reformer attempted to synthesize Indian and Western religious thought in the 19th century?

The correct answer is Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Historical Context & Logical Breakdown:

1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) is widely regarded as the "Father of modern Indian Renaissance". He was a pioneering social and religious reformer who sought to modernize Indian society while preserving its core philosophical traditions.

2. He actively studied Hindu scriptures (such as the Upanishads) alongside Christian, Islamic, and Western philosophical texts. His objective was to synthesize the rationalist, ethical, and scientific perspectives of Western Enlightenment with the monotheistic principles of ancient Indian Vedanta philosophy.

3. To realize this vision, he founded the Brahmo Sabha (later known as the Brahmo Samaj) in 1828. The movement emphasized monotheism, denounced idol worship and social evils (such as Sati), and promoted a modern educational framework incorporating Western scientific education alongside Indian philosophy.

Therefore, Raja Ram Mohan Roy is the reformer who attempted to synthesize Indian and Western religious thought in the 19th century.