Who amongst the following Sociologists remarked that tribal institutions in themselves need not necessarily be democratic in their structure and functioning?

The correct option is Virginius Xaxa.

Virginius Xaxa is a renowned Indian sociologist, social anthropologist, and writer, widely recognized for his extensive research on tribe-state relations, indigenous rights, and the social transformation of tribal communities in India.

In his critical assessments of tribal societies, Xaxa pointed out that while tribal communities are often idealized as egalitarian and democratic, their traditional institutions in themselves are not necessarily democratic in terms of their structure and actual functioning. He argued that traditional tribal councils or decision-making bodies can be highly hierarchical, often dominated by elders, specific clans, or male members, thereby excluding youth and women from active participation and decision-making roles.