According to the author, which individuals may possess wisdom even without formal education?

Read the following passage and answer the questions based on the passage:

Education and wisdom are frequently treated as interchangeable in everyday discourse, yet a perceptive observer recognises a clear and essential distinction between them. Education refers to the structured acquisition of knowledge, typically validated through degrees, academic achievements, and mastery of formal disciplines. It is imparted via organized curricula, institutional evaluation systems, and theoretical models that emphasize intellectual competence.

Wisdom, however, extends beyond formal learning. It represents the thoughtful and ethical application of knowledge in real-world situations, shaped by experience, self-reflection, emotional intelligence, and moral awareness. A person may be highly educated and still lack wisdom if they are unable to translate learning into sound judgement or responsible action. In contrast, many individuals—such as farmers, craftsmen, or elders—may possess limited formal education, yet demonstrate remarkable wisdom through prudent choices informed by lived experience and practical insight.

While education sharpens the intellect, wisdom deepens understanding. In the modern age of information overload and algorithm-driven thinking, the gap between education and wisdom has become increasingly pronounced. Educational systems often prioritise rote learning, examination performance, and standardized outcomes, sometimes at the expense of critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and emotional maturity. As a result, society produces individuals adept at solving technical problems but less capable of making balanced decisions that require empathy, patience, and foresight.

Unlike education, wisdom cannot be downloaded, accelerated, or certified. It develops gradually through trial and error, failure, reflection, and a nuanced comprehension of human behaviour. Moreover, education is often temporally limited, concluding with academic milestones or formal qualifications, whereas wisdom is a lifelong pursuit. It reveals itself not through certificates, but through humility, consistency in ethical conduct, and the capacity to navigate uncertainty with clarity and grace.

Ultimately, the highest form of intelligence lies not merely in knowing what is right, but in consistently choosing to act upon it—even when doing so is difficult or inconvenient.