Diarrhoeal deaths among Indian children are mostly due to food and water contamination. Use of contaminated groundwater and unsafe chemicals in agriculture, poor hygiene in storage and handling of food items to food cooked and distributed in unhygienic surroundings; there are myriad factors that need regulation and monitoring. People need to have awareness of adulteration and ways of complaining to the relevant authorities. Surveillance of food-borne diseases involves a number of government agencies and entails a good training of inspection staff. Considering the proportion of the urban population that depends on street food for its daily meals, investing in training and education of street vendors is of great significance.

On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Food safety is a complex issue that calls for a multipronged solution.
2. Great investments need to be made in developing the manpower for surveillance and training.
3. India needs to make sufficient legislation for governing food processing industry.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

The correct option is 1 and 2 only.

To determine which assumptions are valid, we analyze the arguments presented in the passage step-by-step:

Analyzing Assumption 1: "Food safety is a complex issue that calls for a multipronged solution."
The passage lists a wide range of factors contributing to diarrhoeal deaths and food/water contamination, including groundwater contamination, unsafe chemical use in agriculture, poor hygiene in storage and handling, unhygienic distribution of cooked food, and the need for public awareness. Because these problems span agriculture, storage, consumer awareness, surveillance, and vendor training, addressing them requires multiple, diverse regulatory and educational interventions. Thus, assumption 1 is valid.

Analyzing Assumption 2: "Great investments need to be made in developing the manpower for surveillance and training."
The passage explicitly mentions that surveillance of food-borne diseases "entails a good training of inspection staff" and that "investing in training and education of street vendors is of great significance." Since the passage directly calls for training of inspectors and vendors, it assumes that investments in developing this trained manpower are necessary. Thus, assumption 2 is valid.

Analyzing Assumption 3: "India needs to make sufficient legislation for governing food processing industry."
While the passage discusses contamination, hygiene, and the street food sector, it does not mention the food processing industry, nor does it suggest that a lack of legislation specifically governing this industry is the core issue. Because this assumption goes beyond the scope of the facts and ideas presented in the text, it is not a valid assumption based on the passage.

Therefore, only assumptions 1 and 2 are valid.