Direction for the following 6 (six) items: Read the following five passages and answer the items (1-6) that follow, Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

In India the current focus on the right to privacy is based on some new realities of the digital age. A right is a substantive right only if it works in all situations, and for everyone. A right to free expression for an individual about her exploitation, for instance, is meaningless without actual availability of security that guarantees that private force cannot be used to thwart this right. The role of the State, therefore, is not just to abstain from preventing rightful free expression, but also to actively ensure that private parties are not able to block it.

On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. State should have some institutions to ensure its appropriate role in a digital society.
2. State should ensure that private parties do not violate the citizens’ right to privacy.
3. Digital economy is not compatible with the idea of not violating the citizens’ privacy.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

The correct answer is 1 and 2.

Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Analyzing Assumption 1: "State should have some institutions to ensure its appropriate role in a digital society."
The passage states that the role of the State is "not just to abstain from preventing rightful free expression, but also to actively ensure that private parties are not able to block it." For the State to actively guarantee security and protect rights against private force in a digital society, it requires institutional mechanisms and frameworks to enforce this role. Therefore, Assumption 1 is valid.

2. Analyzing Assumption 2: "State should ensure that private parties do not violate the citizens’ right to privacy."
The passage mentions that the right to privacy is based on new realities of the digital age and emphasizes that a right must work in all situations and for everyone. It explicitly highlights that the State must "actively ensure that private parties are not able to block it [rightful expression/rights]" and prevent private force from thwarting rights. Therefore, Assumption 2 directly reflects the text and is valid.

3. Analyzing Assumption 3: "Digital economy is not compatible with the idea of not violating the citizens’ privacy."
The passage discusses the challenges and realities of privacy in the digital age, but it does not state or imply that a digital economy is inherently incompatible with privacy rights. Extreme or unsupported claims like incompatibility are not implied by the text. Therefore, Assumption 3 is invalid.

Thus, assumptions 1 and 2 are valid, making 1 and 2 the correct option.