Environmental Studies curriculum may lead to holistic learning of children if it is—

The correct answer is All of the above.

Environmental Studies (EVS) at the primary stage aims to expose children to the real world they live in. To ensure holistic learning for children, the EVS curriculum must incorporate all the following essential approach strategies:

1. Integrated Approach: EVS does not view science, social studies, and environmental issues as separate subjects. Instead, it integrates learning across different domains into a single unified discipline so children can develop a comprehensive understanding of their environment without rigid subject boundaries.

2. Inclusive Approach: An inclusive curriculum accommodates and values all learners regardless of their background, cognitive abilities, gender, or special needs. It ensures equal opportunities and active participation for every child in the learning process.

3. Thematic Approach: Rather than teaching isolated topics or chapters, EVS is structured around broad themes relevant to children's daily lives (such as Family and Friends, Food, Shelter, Water, Travel, and Things We Make and Do). This helps children connect classroom concepts to their personal life experiences, fostering meaningful and holistic understanding.

Since integrated, inclusive, and thematic approaches collectively contribute to the complete and holistic learning of children in Environmental Studies, option All of the above is the correct choice.