Expectations associated with being male or female are referred to as __________ and these are learned ___________ .

The correct answer is: gender roles; throughout childhood and into adulthood.

Explanation:

Gender roles refer to the societal expectations, behaviors, roles, and activities associated with being male or female. Socialization into gender roles begins early in life and continues throughout childhood and into adulthood through interactions with family, peers, school, media, and broader culture.

Let us break down why the other options are incorrect:

1. Gender constancy refers to a child's understanding that gender is permanent and does not change with superficial changes in appearance or behavior, which typically develops around ages 6 to 7, not initially during adolescence.
2. Gender stereotypes are overly generalized beliefs about the traits and behaviors of males and females, but learning regarding gender expectations is not limited "only to middle childhood."
3. Gender bias is unequal treatment or prejudice based on gender, and learning about gender expectations extends well beyond "mainly early childhood."

Therefore, the complete and accurate sentence is: "Expectations associated with being male or female are referred to as gender roles and these are learned throughout childhood and into adulthood."