Shame _________

The correct option is: can have negative impact on cognition.

Explanation:

Shame is a negative emotion that leads to feeling incompetent, exposed, and vulnerable. When a student experiences shame in a learning environment, it activates stress responses, increases anxiety, and reduces self-worth. Consequently, this emotional burden distracts the student from focusing on the learning task, impairs problem-solving skills, and severely disrupts cognitive processing and memory retention.

Therefore, shame can have a negative impact on cognition and should not be used as a tool or strategy in the teaching-learning process.