The ‘two-nation theory’ was advanced by which of the following party?

The correct option is Muslim League.

Step-by-step explanation:

The "Two-Nation Theory" is a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement, which asserts that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations with different religions, social customs, and literatures. Because of these differences, the theory argued that they could not coexist peacefully within a single unified state without one dominating the other.

While the cultural and political divide had historical roots, it was the All-India Muslim League (commonly referred to simply as the Muslim League) that officially adopted and advanced this theory as a primary political demand. In particular, Muhammad Ali Jinnah popularized and championed this theory during the 1940 Lahore Resolution, leading to the demand for a separate homeland for Muslims, which eventually resulted in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

The other parties listed (Janata Dal, Socialist Party, and Swatantra Party) were formed much later or had different political ideologies focused on Indian domestic politics, social welfare, or economic freedom, rather than the partition of British India based on religious lines.