Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions.

During the current calendar year, one out of every four newly acquired automobiles in China is projected to be either a battery-electric model or a plug-in hybrid. The nation's charging infrastructure now boasts approximately four million stations—a figure that has doubled over the past twelve months and continues to expand rapidly. In contrast to alternate global markets that remain reliant on state financial aid, the Chinese consumer landscape has reached a distinct maturity phase: buyers are evaluating electric models against internal combustion alternatives predominantly on technological attributes and cost competitiveness, independent of government aid. Meanwhile, the United States trails significantly. While the U.S. recently crossed the benchmark of electric models comprising 5 percent of total new vehicle transactions, China cleared that identical milestone back in 2018. China represents one of the world's most rapidly expanding electric car sectors, with projected annual deliveries expected to double to nearly six million units—surpassing the combined total of all other nations.

Furthermore, newly introduced U.S. policy measures have sparked debate regarding their potential efficacy in alleviating market hurdles such as extended delivery delays, constrained vehicle inventories, and elevated retail pricing. The recently enacted Inflation Reduction Act introduced a $7,500 tax rebate for eligible electric vehicles, contingent on strict domestic assembly and battery sourcing mandates. Car manufacturers raised concerns that these criteria disqualify a vast majority of current electric models and that rigid supply chain stipulations could inadvertently elevate manufacturing expenses.

Establishing the bedrock of China's self-sustaining electric mobility sector required over ten years of sustained state subsidies, targeted long-range capital deployment, and extensive network building. Industry analysts now suggest that intense market rivalries and corporate agility are the primary growth catalysts, rather than state aid. China's commitment to advancing its domestic EV ecosystem was clearly demonstrated in 2018 when it facilitated Tesla's construction of a major manufacturing facility in Shanghai, an initiative aimed at compelling local enterprise to directly challenge a international sector leader.

Choose the word most opposite in meaning to “alleviating” as it is used in the passage.