Which of the following cannot file a complaint under the consumer protection act 2019?

The correct option is: A person who obtains the goods without any consideration

Under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a "consumer" is defined as any person who buys any goods or hires/avails of any services for a consideration which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment.

Let us break down why the correct option is the right answer by analyzing the definition of a consumer under the Act:
1. Consideration is Mandatory: For a person to qualify as a consumer, there must be a transaction involving consideration (payment). If a person obtains goods or services for free (without any consideration), they do not fall under the legal definition of a "consumer" under the Act. Consequently, they cannot file a complaint.
2. Ignorant Consumer: An ignorant or uneducated consumer is still a consumer in the eyes of the law if they paid for the goods or services. They are fully entitled to seek redressal under the Act.
3. Legal Heir of a Deceased Consumer: The Act explicitly allows the legal heir or representative of a deceased consumer to file a complaint on their behalf.
4. Central Government: The Central Government, State Governments, or the Central Authority are recognized entities that can file complaints to protect the interests of consumers in general.

Therefore, a person who obtains goods without paying any consideration cannot be recognized as a consumer and cannot file a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.