Which of the following is not true about Raymond Williams’ views on culture?

The correct option is: The masses do not participate in the creation of cultural values.

To understand why this statement is not true about Raymond Williams’ views, we can break down his foundational concepts in cultural studies:
1. "Culture is Ordinary": In his influential 1958 essay of the same name, Williams argued against the elitist view that culture belongs only to the highly educated or upper classes. He insisted that culture is active, lived, and continuously created by ordinary people in their daily lives. Therefore, the claim that the masses do not participate in creating cultural values directly contradicts his democratic view of culture.
2. "Culture is a whole way of life": Williams defined culture as both a "whole way of life" (the common meanings, values, and ordinary behaviors of a society) and "special fine arts" (individual creative work). This means that culture is an encompassing social process.
3. Dominant, Residual, and Emergent layers: In works like Marxism and Literature (1977), Williams explained that culture is dynamic and not static. At any given time, a society contains a dominant cultural system, a residual culture (meanings and values formed in the past but still active in the present), and an emergent culture (new meanings, values, and practices that are continually being created).

Because Williams believed that culture is ordinary and shaped by everyone, the assertion that the masses do not participate in the creation of cultural values is incorrect, making it the correct answer to the question.