Which one of the following factors constitutes the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy?

Correct Answer: Separation of powers

Explanation:

In a liberal democracy, the preservation of individual liberty is paramount. The principle of Separation of Powers divides the functions and authority of government into distinct branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This structural design ensures a system of checks and balances, preventing any single branch or authority from acquiring absolute power and abusing it to curtail individual freedoms and rights.

Let's analyze why Separation of powers is considered the best safeguard of liberty compared to the other options:

1. Separation of powers: By ensuring that power is not concentrated in one set of hands, it acts as a fundamental safeguard against tyranny and authoritarianism (as highlighted by political theorists like Montesquieu).

2. A committed judiciary: While an independent judiciary protects rights, a "committed" judiciary can be interpreted as one committed to the ideology of the ruling party rather than the constitution, which could harm liberty.

3. Centralization of powers: Concentrating power leads to dictatorship or authoritarian control, directly undermining individual liberties.

4. Elected government: An elected government is essential for democracy, but election alone does not guarantee liberty (e.g., majoritarian tyranny can occur without constitutional constraints and separation of powers).

Therefore, the Separation of powers serves as the primary structural safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy.