While men and women are both considered to be more capable as they get older, only women bear the brunt of being seen as “less warm” as they age, new research has found. This series of studies is reportedly the first to look at both gender and age to determine how perceptions of women and men differ. “It’s just stunning. . . These stereotypes are so hard-wired and deeply entrenched that they come out even when absolutely identical information is provided about a man and a woman,” Jennifer Chatman, Distinguished Professor of Management at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, said. In an analysis of professors’ evaluations, female professors witnessed a decline as they moved from their 30s to 40s, hitting an all-time low around the age of 47. All this while, the evaluation of male professors remained consistent. Interestingly, after the age of 47, the evaluations for women increased again, becoming equal with those of men around the early 60s. “At that point, there are different stereotypes of women, and they may benefit from being seen as more grandmotherly,” said Laura Kray, faculty director of the Center for Equity, Gender, and Leadership at Berkeley Haas and an author of the study.
Women around the age of mid 30s to late 40s also face what is called “the motherhood penalty,” where assumptions around parenting duties lead people to believe women are less committed to their careers than men. This has several repercussions, most particularly evident in hiring, promotions and wages. Women executives further pointed out that they face “hyper-scrutiny” and “scepticism” which harks back to perceptions of likeability versus agency. Gendered networks in the workplace, with men gaining greater access to senior leaders, become cemented mid-career, pose another difficulty for working women. Negative perceptions of women in middle-age can also be linked to stereotypes around menopause. In 2008, psychologists studied the attitudes of people towards women in different reproductive stages. They found that while the pregnant woman or the woman with the baby were thought about in glowing terms, menopausal women were associated with negative emotions, illness and ageing.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “How Stereotypes Affect Middle-Aged Women’s Careers”, by Ananya Singh, The Swaddle]
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the main argument in the passage?
Correct Answer :
Several independent studies conducted in different countries have shown that women in the workplace are perceived negatively and are unfairly treated as they age.
Solution :
The correct answer is: Several independent studies conducted in different countries have shown that women in the workplace are perceived negatively and are unfairly treated as they age.
Step-by-Step Explanation:
1. Understanding the Main Argument of the Passage:
The passage argues that middle-aged women face specific gender- and age-based biases and negative stereotypes in the workplace, particularly regarding perceptions of warmth and competence. As women age (especially from their mid-30s to late 40s), they experience a decline in evaluations, hyper-scrutiny, and disadvantages such as the "motherhood penalty" and menopause-related stereotypes, unlike their male counterparts.
2. Evaluating the Options:
Therefore, Option 2 is the statement that most strengthens the main argument.
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