While men and women are both considered to be more capable as they get older, only women bear the brunt of being seen as “less warm” as they age, new research has found. This series of studies is reportedly the first to look at both gender and age to determine how perceptions of women and men differ. “It’s just stunning. . . These stereotypes are so hard-wired and deeply entrenched that they come out even when absolutely identical information is provided about a man and a woman,” Jennifer Chatman, Distinguished Professor of Management at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, said. In an analysis of professors’ evaluations, female professors witnessed a decline as they moved from their 30s to 40s, hitting an all-time low around the age of 47. All this while, the evaluation of male professors remained consistent. Interestingly, after the age of 47, the evaluations for women increased again, becoming equal with those of men around the early 60s. “At that point, there are different stereotypes of women, and they may benefit from being seen as more grandmotherly,” said Laura Kray, faculty director of the Center for Equity, Gender, and Leadership at Berkeley Haas and an author of the study.
Women around the age of mid 30s to late 40s also face what is called “the motherhood penalty,” where assumptions around parenting duties lead people to believe women are less committed to their careers than men. This has several repercussions, most particularly evident in hiring, promotions and wages. Women executives further pointed out that they face “hyper-scrutiny” and “scepticism” which harks back to perceptions of likeability versus agency. Gendered networks in the workplace, with men gaining greater access to senior leaders, become cemented mid-career, pose another difficulty for working women. Negative perceptions of women in middle-age can also be linked to stereotypes around menopause. In 2008, psychologists studied the attitudes of people towards women in different reproductive stages. They found that while the pregnant woman or the woman with the baby were thought about in glowing terms, menopausal women were associated with negative emotions, illness and ageing.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “How Stereotypes Affect Middle-Aged Women’s Careers”, by Ananya Singh, The Swaddle]
Which of the following is the author most likely to disagree with?
Correct Answer :
Women going through menopause are more likely to be perceived positively at the workplace and to achieve professional success.
Solution :
The correct option is: Women going through menopause are more likely to be perceived positively at the workplace and to achieve professional success.
Step-by-step Explanation:
1. Analyze the Question Prompt:
The question asks to identify the statement that the author is most likely to disagree with based on the provided text.
2. Evaluate the Textual Evidence:
In the second paragraph, the text explicitly discusses stereotypes and perceptions related to menopause:
“Negative perceptions of women in middle-age can also be linked to stereotypes around menopause. In 2008, psychologists studied the attitudes of people towards women in different reproductive stages. They found that while the pregnant woman or the woman with the baby were thought about in glowing terms, menopausal women were associated with negative emotions, illness and ageing.”
Furthermore, the text notes that female professors experience a decline in evaluations during middle age, reaching an all-time low around the age of 47, and face various hurdles like hyper-scrutiny, skepticism, and gendered networks.
3. Analyze the Options:
• Option: "Women going through menopause are more likely to be perceived positively at the workplace and to achieve professional success."
This statement directly contradicts the passage's findings, which explicitly state that menopausal women are associated with negative emotions, illness, ageing, and face negative perceptions and penalties at work. Therefore, the author would most likely disagree with this statement.
Conclusion:
Since the author highlights the negative stereotypes and obstacles faced by middle-aged/menopausal women, the statement claiming they are perceived positively and are more likely to achieve professional success is completely opposite to the passage's core message.
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