The debate on ‘the condition of England question’ was initiated by

The correct option is **Thomas Carlyle**.

The phrase "the condition of England question" was coined by the Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher Thomas Carlyle. He first introduced this term in his influential 1839 pamphlet titled Chartism.

During the Industrial Revolution, England underwent rapid economic growth, but this was accompanied by severe social hardships, including poor working conditions, urban squalor, and growing inequality. The "condition of England question" became a central debate in Victorian literature and politics, focusing on the welfare of the working class and the social stability of the nation. Carlyle's writing initiated a broad intellectual and literary movement, inspiring other Victorian writers (such as Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Gaskell) to address these pressing social issues in their works.