Who among the following invented ‘inscape’ and ‘instress’?

The correct option is G.M. Hopkins.

Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889), an influential Victorian poet and Jesuit priest, coined the concepts of ‘inscape’ and ‘instress’ to describe his theological and aesthetic understanding of nature and creation.

Here is a detailed breakdown of these two terms:
1. Inscape: This term refers to the unique, individual, and essential inner pattern or identity of a thing. Hopkins believed that every object in the universe—whether a flower, a tree, a person, or a cloud—possesses a distinctive, unified design that makes it uniquely itself and differentiates it from all other things.
2. Instress: This is the actual force or divine energy that sustains the 'inscape' of an object and transmits it to the observer. It is both the spiritual power that holds the unique pattern of a creature together and the impulse that allows a human being to perceive and appreciate that unique essence.

By experiencing the instress of an object, a person is led to recognize its inscape, which ultimately points back to the divine creator. Since G.M. Hopkins specifically formulated these terms as central components of his poetic theory and worldview, he is the correct answer.